/ 1968
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PROTECTION, REVITALIZATION AND USE OF HERITAGE THROUGH CULTURAL ROUTE FORMATION SYSTEM

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“Cultural routes” are a term recently used in scientific literature to define cultural tourism offer based on a set of mutually connected tourist attractions and destinations. The way of travel within a cultural route usually consists of roads with significant scenic, cultural, historical, geological or natural values, and incorporates the sightseeing and interpretation of sites located within that route. Cultural routes can become tourist destinations because of their connections to renowned places, events and personalities. The formation of cultural routes as tourist products is considered to be a new way of protection, revitalization, use and presentation of cultural heritage. However, the concept of cultural routes as practiced in the world and in Europe is just beginning to be used in Serbia. This study presents the basic principles of forming cultural routes, gives an insight into existing initiatives and projects of cultural route development in Serbia, with a special focus to the national master plan “Roman Emperors’ Paths in Serbia” and its critical evaluation.

/ 1968
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PARTICIPATIVE PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY SERBIAN ART

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Participative practices in art serve as an example of approximation and of different connection of art and culture, ie art and various social registers. These practices most directly recognize one of the key features of contemporary art – disapperance of the visible, tangible differences between artistic and non-artistic actions. Participative practices take on social patterns from various social and cultural registers, with an artistic purpose and the aim to critically correlate with the society, local environments, culture, in short, with the political aspects of life. This type of functioning inherent to participative practices was analyzed on the example of contemporary Serbian art, with a short historic overview to avantguard and neo-avantgarde art, as well as actual theoretical denotations (K. Bishop, B. Groy and N. Bourieau).

/ 1968
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SYMBOLIC BOUNDARIES – THE ROLE OF CULTURAL FACTORS IN BUILDING, MAINTAINING AND CHANGING SOCIAL DIFFERENCES AND STRUGGLES

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The author uses the concept of symbolic boundaries to analyze cultural origins of social divisions. The analysis begins with consideration of Bourdieu’s idea of how cultural styles correlate with class formations, and is followed by a discussion regarding a strict division of culture into two poles – the popular and the elite culture. The main theories and typologies of taste are presented at the end of the paper, together with a discussion about taste-based social differences and the structuring of cultural features into stylistically coherent forms – lifestyles.

/ 1968
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EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF THE STUDENTS IN SERBIA

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In this paper we present results of an empirical research study conducted in 2009 on a sample of 985 students from 30 vocational study groups, located in 28 cities in Serbia. The aim of the study was to establish a relationship between individual elements of the social background of students from the colleges for professional studies and their educational, professional and life aspirations. The research has shown that there is a high social differentiation in colleges for professional studies, and a clear indication of greater representation of students originating from the lower and middle social strata. In this sense, for this generation of young people, higher education levels should not only facilitate acquisition of knowledge necessary to perform complex tasks, but also provide a social function in relation to the generation of their parents (workers) and grandparents (farmers). Determination of the social background has served as a plea for the „discovery” of perspective and aspirations of students in regard to their future.

/ 1968
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CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE DIGITAL WORLD

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The aims of digitization are preservation, accessibility and popularization of cultural heritage. It raises consciousness about the importance of cultural heritage and preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity. It provides small communities with powerful, non-expensive tools to preserve and present their cultural heritage. Wider audiences can have easy access to the world cultural heritage as well as to the local ones. From the viewpoint of the audience, the most important traits of cultural heritage presentations are interactivity and personalization. Sociological approach to the digitization of cultural heritage is focused on two problems: content and access. Which contents will be digitized and who will have access to them depends not only on the cultural criteria (value of cultural contents and cultural needs) but also on technological, economic and social factors: development and spread of ICTs, digital divide (on the global level and within a particular society), IT companies’ business policies, activities of cultural institutions and cultural policy. Several issues can be pointed out relating to digitization of cultural heritage: intellectual property issue, obsoleteness of the data carriers, and long-term economic support for repositories. When speaking about user experience, influence of different contexts on the reception and interpretation of cultural heritage should be discussed. Digital-born cultural contents as well as ‘unintentional archive’ made by internet users pose questions relating to selection, temporary nature of internet platforms, public versus private and commercial versus cultural issues. Digitization of cultural heritage is not a replacement for “live” cultural participation; it is a new tool for the realization of cultural policy aims, as well as a new field of experience and creation of cultural contents.

/ 1968
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THE CULT OF SAINT ARCHANGEL MICHAEL AMONG BENEDICTANS IN THE AREA OF BAR MITROPOLY AND KOTOR EPISCOPACY AS A REFLECTION OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS (9TH–13TH CENTURY)

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In the middle of the 9th century, the Benedictan order was on the rise in South Italy. Since the end of the 8th century, Montecasino has been the champion of cultural revival, and a network of abbeys has been established across the regions of Benevento, Puglia, Campania, Calabria and other regions. Members of this order, within European borders, were reputed missionairies who contributed greatly to the christianisation of many Germanic and Slavic peoples. However, the Benedictans from South Italy had suffered attacks by the Saracenes and other invadors who raided and plundered their monasteries, which culminated with their conquer of Montecasino in 883AD. Because of the strengthening of the Byzantine rule, the conditions on the east Adriatic coast seemed far more suitable and stable for life of monastery communities. Also, Slavic population settled back to Byzantine cities, and slowly, they moved towards the coastline zones, building good relations with the urban Roman population. The Slavs had still worshiped old gods or were only partly christianized. In addition to being respected as successful missionaries, the Benedicants raised their monasteries in rural communities close to main roads and city centers, while their way of life fitted in the mentality and habits of an aggrarian society. Christianisation of the Slavic population enabled spreading of cultural models from the city centres under the Byzantine rule, which lead to strenghtening of ideological positions and fortification of their factual rule. On the other side, the Holy See looked benevolently on these efforts, since the Benedictans almost unnoticably contributed to strenghtening of the Roman Church positions in Dalmatia. The Benedictans took their missonary endevours seriously, as we can see from a very smart selection of the cults of saints – primarily patrons of big abbeys.

/ 1968
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CONSUMER SOCIETY AND FASHION

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The aim of this paper is to present the development of the consumer society between the late 19th century and today and to demonstrate the influence fashion has had on the entire process. The first part of the paper offers definitions and arguments concerning the very concept of consumer society. The second part of the paper demonstrates how development of the bourgeois society triggered the need for excessive consumption and all other accompanying social changes in the behaviour of consumers brought on by the new age. The conclusions of the paper involve an argument casting aside the viewpoint that it was actually consumerism that has brought on the democratisation of societies, as well as rejecting the idea that we make free choices when purchasing goods available on the market, while it proves we are under an enormous influence from the environments we originate from and also that our decisions are far from being spontaneous.

/ 1968
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FOE AND THE HANDMAID’S TALE: OLD AND NEW TRUTHS IN J. M. COETZEE’S AND M. ATWOOD’S PROSE

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Analysing the novels Foe and The Handmaid’s Tale from Michel Foucault’s theoretical views in his work What Is an Author?, we may notice how the unclear parts or unexplained details in urtexts, such as the novel Robinson Crusoe and The Bible, give possibilities for different interpretations, truths and new prefigured novels inspired by the original texts. In Coetzee’s and Atwood’s rewritten versions of the canonized stories, there are oscillations of a few different perspectives: postmodern, feminist, postcolonial and postfeminist. The novel Foe, a classic story about Robinson Crusoe has been reconstucted from a postmodern perspective, while in the novel The Handmaid’s Tale, we come across a prefigured version of an episode and a character from The Bible, set in the context of a dystopian society in the future. Challenging imperial and patriarchal discourse at the beginning of the novels (by Susan Barton in Foe and Offred in The Handmaid’s Tale) resembles approaches of feminist works. However, certain scenes and characters (Susan’s attitude of ‘’the colonizer’’ toward Friday in Foe or the position of rebels in The Handmaid’s Tale) may refer to writing stories from postcolonial discourse. Coetzee’s implicit irony, when he depicts mood swings in Susan and Atwood’s implicit condemnation of the Aunts’s cruelty towards the Handmaids, may be interpreted as a postfeminist reaction against contradictions of feminist ideals. All in all, apart from those diverse possibilities for interpretation which the two authors offered during their (re)writing of novels, other truths (notions, speeches and parts of the texts in literature, culture, and religion) were also destabilized and examined in the novels Foe and The Handmaid’s Tale, as our analyses reveal.

/ 1968
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THE NORM, WOMEN WRITERS AND THE TRUTH

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In this paper the author classifies and explains some of numerous examples of marginalisation of significant Serbian female authors from the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century – Milica Stojadinović Srpkinja, Draga Gavrilović, Mileva Simić, Danica Bandić, Milka Grgurova, Jelena J. Dimitrijević. Their works were negatively evaluated by the dominant intepreters, academic professors and the historians of Serbian literature. Contrary to expectations their criticism was not supported by reasoning. Historians also ignored relevant historical events. To to acknowledge a few female authors meant to present them inadequately, mainly as beautiful women or spinsters. Some other discriminatory facts in presenting female writers were connected with the length of analyses, attitude and the language. The dominant interpreters usually named incomplete list of women authors’ works, regularly omitting their translated pieces. There was even an open statement that the author’s gender was a starting point for attributing discriminatory values to male or female authors, in favor of the male ones. As one of the most manipulative strategies, one can point out the obstructions to research and publishing of women authors.

/ 1968
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PERJURY AS THE CURSE OF CONFESSION: TRUTH PROBLEM IN LITERATURE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF POSTMODERN CONFESSION

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The paper deals with the problem of truth in literature from the perspective of the postmodern confession. It tries to analyse the authenticity model of truth in literature, that is, to show the problem of the honesty category in the genre that takes honesty as its basic assumption. The postmodern process of making the truth in literature relative has not bypassed sincerity as the pledge of truth in literature; therefore the attention has been given particularly to the postmodern insights into these questions. Although the theory and the literary-artistic practice in the postmodern period do not offer definite solutions, they clearly show, due to its nature, all the weaknesses of the model of truth in literature, like this one. On the other hand, what is more important here, they resist any attempt to establish the completeness of meaning and the monopoly over the truth in literature. Postmodern attitude towards the truth in the confession is viewed in relation to the theory of deconstruction by Jacques Derrida and in relation to the story Otisak srca na zidu (Heart Print on the Wall) by Borislav Pekić, from his story collection Novi Jerusalim (New Jerusalem), as well as in relation to explicit attitudes of these authors towards the truth in the genre of confession.